E13
Charge-State EC Rate Scan (Ge-68)
Unclassified
SDT predicts
If the outer electron at the damaged nuclear position participates in the rearrangement coupling (even though the K-shell electron performs the capture), then stripping the corresponding outer electron should produce a measurable discontinuity in the EC rate. Predicted rate profile: Null hypothesis: EC rate tracks…
Observable that separates them
Measure the EC half-life of Ge-68 at the following charge states: - Ge⁰ (neutral, reference) - Ge⁴⁺ (4p electrons stripped) - Ge¹⁰⁺ (4p + 4s stripped) - Ge¹⁴⁺ (4p + 4s + 3d partially stripped) - Ge³⁰⁺ (He-like, only 1s² remaining) - Ge³¹⁺ (H-like, single 1s electron) - Ge³²⁺ (bare, if achievable) Compare the measured…
Apparatus
- Ion source capable of producing Ge-68 at controlled charge states - Storage ring or ion trap to contain ions for time periods comparable to the EC half-life (t½ = 270.9 d for neutral Ge-68) - Particle detector to identify EC events (daughter Ga-68 has different mass-to-charge ratio) - Facility: GSI/FAIR (Darmstadt)…
E14
Ionisation-Controlled EC Halt for Nuclear Medicine
Unclassified
SDT predicts
### Part I: EC rate suppression by charge state For any EC isotope at charge state q: - q < (Z−2): rate ≈ 100% (K-shell intact) - q = (Z−2): rate ≈ 91% (He-like, 2 K electrons) - q = (Z−1): rate ≈ 45% (H-like, 1 K electron) - q = Z: rate = 0% (bare, no electrons) This predicts that delivering a medical EC isotope in a…
Observable that separates them
### Part I measurement Measure EC half-life of Ga-67 (t½ = 3.26 d, Z=31) at: - Ga⁰ (neutral) - Ga²⁹⁺ (He-like) - Ga³⁰⁺ (H-like) - Ga³¹⁺ (bare) The half-life should scale inversely with the total K-shell electron density at the nucleus: t½(H-like) ≈ 2 × t½(neutral).
Apparatus
- ECR ion source or accelerator stripping foil for H-like ions - Ion trap or storage ring (CRYRING at GSI, or ELENA at CERN) - Single-ion detection for EC event identification - Electron cooler or recombination target for Part II - Ga-67 source (commercially available, used in SPECT imaging)
E15
Magnetic Field Effect on Be-7 EC Rate
Unclassified
SDT predicts
Standard model: EC rate of Be-7 is independent of external magnetic fields at any achievable strength. The weak interaction coupling constant is not affected by electromagnetism. SDT prediction: At sufficiently high fields (>10 T), the 1s orbital distortion may produce a measurable change in EC rate. The magnitude…
Observable that separates them
Measure the Be-7 EC half-life (t½ = 53.22 ± 0.06 d) in: - Zero field (reference) - 10 T (superconducting magnet) - 20 T (hybrid magnet) - 45 T (pulsed field, if duration permits counting statistics) Required precision: better than 0.01% (100 ppm) to detect a magnetic field effect at the predicted magnitude.
Apparatus
- Be-7 source (produced by Li-7(p,n)Be-7, commercially available) - High-field magnet facility (NHMFL Tallahassee: 45 T steady-state; Los Alamos: 100 T pulsed; Nijmegen: 38 T) - Gamma-ray detector (HPGe) to count 477.6 keV photons from Be-7 EC - Temperature-controlled sample holder (EC rate has known ~0.1% chemical…
E16
Se-68 Cascade Timer — Selective Step Arrest
Unclassified
SDT predicts
At any point in the cascade, ionising the current isotope to a bare charge state halts EC for that step. Re-supplying electrons (recombination) resumes the cascade. Predicted control matrix: | Ion state | Se-68 EC | As-68 EC | Ge-68 EC | Ga-68 EC | |-----------|---------|---------|---------|---------| | Neutral |…
Observable that separates them
### Part I: Freeze at Ge-68 1. Produce Se-68 (heavy-ion reaction) 2. Allow first 2 EC events (Se→As→Ge) to proceed (~5 minutes total) 3. Fully strip Ge-68 to Ge³²⁺ 4. Store in ESR/CRYRING 5. Verify: no EC events during storage (Ge-68 half-life should be effectively infinite while bare) 6. Inject electrons…
Apparatus
- Heavy-ion accelerator (GSI/FAIR SIS18 or RIKEN RIBF) for Se-68 production - Gas-filled separator for isotope selection - Stripping foil or ECR charge breeder for full ionisation - Storage ring (ESR or CRYRING) with electron cooler - Schottky detector or particle detector for daughter identification - Electron target…
E17
Ba-133 Anion EC Rate Test
Unclassified
SDT predicts
In SDT, the EC mechanism captures a 1s (K-shell) electron. An extra electron in Ba⁻ occupies the 6p orbital — far from the nucleus. The 6p electron has negligible wavefunction density at r = 0. SDT prediction: The extra electron does NOT alter the EC rate. The K-shell electron density is unchanged by the addition of a…
Observable that separates them
Measure the EC half-life of Ba-133 in two states: - Ba-133⁰ (neutral, reference: t½ = 10.551 ± 0.011 y) - Ba-133⁻ (anion) Required precision: better than 0.1% to be meaningful. The known chemical-environment effect on EC rates is ~0.01–0.1%, so the measurement must exceed this sensitivity or use identical chemical…
Apparatus
- Ba-133 source (commercially available) - Anion source: Ba⁻ can be produced by Cs-sputter negative ion sources (standard in AMS facilities) - Ion trap for Ba-133⁻ storage (Paul trap or Penning trap) - Gamma-ray detector (HPGe) for 356 keV and 81 keV lines from Ba-133 EC decay - Alternative: embed Ba-133 in a matrix…
E18
Co-56 Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy for Nuclear Rearrangement
Unclassified
SDT predicts
In the SDT model, the Ni-56 EC mechanism operates differently from the He-3 core single-EC: - Ni-56 has an intact He-4 core (N=Z=28 means 1s is complete) - The damage is the N=Z structure itself — 2 neutron positions are "missing" relative to the stable Fe-56 configuration - The EC converts 2 protons at the outermost…
Observable that separates them
### Part I: Gamma spectrum analysis 1. Obtain Co-56 from Ni-56 decay (or directly from EC of Ni-56) 2. Record high-resolution gamma spectrum using HPGe detector 3. Measure relative intensities of all gamma lines 4. Identify which nuclear levels are populated and their orbital character (from nuclear structure…
Apparatus
### Part I (spectrum) - Co-56 source (produced by Ni-58(p,3n) or from Ni-56 decay) - HPGe detector with resolution < 2 keV FWHM at 1 MeV - Lead shielding and Compton suppression - Standard nuclear spectroscopy setup
E19
Spectral Diagnostics of the He-3/He-4 Core Transition
Unclassified
SDT predicts
The He-3 core has a bare proton at 1s2 (no neutron partner). The He-4 core has a matched deuteron at 1s2 (proton + neutron). This structural difference changes: 1. Nuclear charge radius: He-3 has a different charge radius from He-4 (measured: r(He-3) = 1.966 fm, r(He-4) = 1.681 fm). He-3 core is ~17% larger. 2.…
Observable that separates them
### Part I: Isotope shift measurement Measure the optical transition frequencies of: - Be-7 (He-3 core parent, t½ = 53.22 d) - Be-9 (He-4 core, stable) - Li-7 (He-4 core, EC daughter of Be-7) The Be-7 ↔ Be-9 isotope shift isolates the nuclear structure effect (same Z, different A and core structure). The difference…
Apparatus
### Parts I & II - Be-7 source from Li-7(p,n)Be-7 (proton cyclotron) - Laser spectroscopy setup (collinear or fluorescence) - Facility: ISOLDE (CERN) — Be-7 spectroscopy has been performed here (Nörtershäuser et al., 2009) - Reference: Be-9 measured in same apparatus
E20
Spallation Neutron Budget Verification
Unclassified
SDT predicts
For ANY spallation reaction that produces an EC-decaying product, the number of EC events in the subsequent decay chain equals the number of "excess" protons relative to the stable endpoint. This number is NOT always equal to the number of ejected neutrons — it depends on the reaction channel: | Reaction type |…
Observable that separates them
### Part I: Literature survey For each of the 56 EC isotopes in the master table, identify the production reaction (where artificial) and compute: - N_target - N_product - Number of ejected neutrons - Number of EC events to stability - N_endpoint - Verify: EC events = ΔZ_product − ΔZ_endpoint
Apparatus
### Part I No apparatus needed. Literature/database analysis using NNDC, NUBASE2020, and reaction cross-section databases (EXFOR, TENDL).
E21
Orbital Velocity Drop Test — Frame Dragging via Solar Accretion
Orbital Mechanics
HIGH
Proposed (space mission)
SDT predicts
Objects dropped from zero orbital velocity will curve their descent toward the Sun due to the solar convergence field's rotational gradient. The drops will strike the Sun further around (in the direction of Earth's orbit) than GR calculates. Even a minor shift of >10 km at the solar surface will demonstrate this. All…
Standard physics predicts
GR predicts frame dragging from the Sun's rotation is negligibly small (~milliarcseconds). A dropped object should fall radially inward with only Coriolis corrections from the initial orbital frame. No measurable lateral displacement beyond standard orbital mechanics.
Observable that separates them
Track each test mass via radar or laser ranging as it falls toward the Sun. Measure the lateral displacement (in the direction of Earth's orbital motion) from the GR-predicted radial trajectory. SDT predicts a systematic displacement >10 km at solar approach, scaling with the fall distance. Different masses should…
Apparatus
Spacecraft with retrograde thruster capability (Delta-V ~30 km/s to null orbital velocity at 1 AU). Multiple test masses (0.1 kg to 100 kg, different materials). Radar transponders or laser retroreflectors on each mass. Deep Space Network tracking. Mission duration ~60 days (free-fall from 1 AU to perihelion).
E22
Casimir Vacuum Sound Transmission
Vacuum
MODERATE
Proposed (laboratory)
SDT predicts
Sound will transmit through a hard vacuum via Casimir plate harmonics. Two closely-spaced Casimir plates in vacuum, one driven by a piezo actuator, will transmit vibrations to the second plate through the spation lattice pressure field. The vacuum is not empty — it is a pressurised medium, and pressure waves propagate.
Standard physics predicts
Standard physics predicts absolute zero sound transmission in a vacuum. Sound requires a material medium. The Casimir effect is explained by quantum vacuum fluctuations, which do not carry coherent mechanical vibrations.
Observable that separates them
Drive one Casimir plate with a piezoelectric actuator at frequencies from 1 kHz to 10 MHz. Detect vibrations on the second plate using a laser interferometer or a second piezo sensor. The plates are separated by 0.1–10 μm in a vacuum better than 10⁻⁹ mbar. Any detected signal at the drive frequency, above thermal…
Apparatus
Two gold-coated silicon plates (10 mm × 10 mm, optical-flat). Piezoelectric actuator (PZT-5H, resonant frequencies 1 kHz–10 MHz). Laser interferometer (sub-pm sensitivity, e.g. Zygo). Ultra-high vacuum chamber (10⁻⁹ mbar). Vibration isolation table. Faraday cage (to exclude electromagnetic crosstalk). Temperature…
E23
Cavendish Bell — Gravitational Shielding by Dense Shell
Gravity
EXTREME
Proposed (megastructure)
SDT predicts
A sphere dropped from the centre of a very large, very dense, hollow spherical shell (40 m radius, multi-layered with tungsten/osmium/lead) will experience REDUCED gravitational acceleration — less than 9.81 m/s². The dense shell occludes convergent boundary pressure from above, reducing the net downward force on the…
Standard physics predicts
GR and Newtonian gravity predict that a uniform spherical shell exerts ZERO gravitational force on any mass inside it (Newton's shell theorem). The dropped sphere should accelerate at exactly 9.81 m/s² regardless of the shell's mass or density. The shell's gravity cancels perfectly by symmetry.
Observable that separates them
Construct a 40 m radius hollow sphere of alternating dense layers (tungsten, lead, osmium — total shell mass ~10⁶ tonnes). Drop a test mass from the exact centre down a vertical vacuum shaft. Measure the acceleration with sub-μg precision using laser interferometry. Compare to 9.81 m/s². SDT predicts a measurable…
Apparatus
40 m radius spherical shell structure (civil engineering project). Dense metal layers: tungsten carbide tiles, lead sheets, osmium powder in containment. Vertical vacuum shaft (0.5 m diameter, 80 m long, through the centre). Laser drop-tower interferometer (sensitivity < 10⁻⁸ g). Seismic isolation. Environmental…
E24
Mercury Perihelion Precession from k-Hierarchy
Orbital Mechanics
TRIVIAL
Calculable now
SDT predicts
Mercury's perihelion precession of 43"/century arises from the Sun's k²-gradient, not spacetime curvature.
Standard physics predicts
GR explains 43"/century from spacetime curvature near a massive body.
Observable that separates them
Compare SDT k-gradient precession calculation to the measured value. This is a paper calculation, not a new measurement.
Apparatus
Computational. Use laws.hpp bridge::v_orbital with solar k = 686.3 and Mercury's orbital parameters.
E25
Pioneer Anomaly from Pressure Domain Boundary
Orbital Mechanics
HIGH
Proposed (space mission)
SDT predicts
The Pioneer anomalous deceleration (~8.7 × 10⁻¹⁰ m/s²) arises from the spacecraft crossing pressure domain boundaries in the outer solar system.
Standard physics predicts
Thermal recoil from asymmetric spacecraft emission (resolved in 2012).
Observable that separates them
Launch a thermally symmetric probe into the outer solar system with sub-nm/s² accelerometry. Measure residual acceleration after all thermal effects are accounted for.
Apparatus
Thermally symmetric spacecraft. High-precision accelerometer (LISA Pathfinder heritage). Solar sail or ion drive for trajectory control.
E26
Lunar Laser Ranging — k-Gradient Test
Orbital Mechanics
LOW
Archival analysis
SDT predicts
Lunar orbit shows residual effects from Earth's k²-gradient that differ from GR geodesic precession at sub-mm level.
Standard physics predicts
GR predicts geodesic precession of the lunar orbit at 19.2 mas/year.
Observable that separates them
Analyse existing Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser Ranging data for systematic residuals vs GR-predicted orbit. Look for Earth-Moon distance anomalies correlated with solar pressure direction.
Apparatus
Existing data from APOLLO facility (Apache Point, NM). Computational analysis.
E27
Solar Oblateness from Convergence Gradient
Solar Physics
LOW
Archival analysis
SDT predicts
The Sun's oblateness (J₂ = 2.2 × 10⁻⁷) arises from the convergence field's equatorial enhancement, not just rotation.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: solar J₂ from rotational flattening alone.
Observable that separates them
Compare measured J₂ from helioseismology to rotational predictions. Excess oblateness could indicate convergence contribution.
Apparatus
Helioseismology data (SDO, SOHO). Computational modeling.
E28
Triple-Alpha Rate from Geometric Packing
Nuclear Physics
TRIVIAL
Calculable now
SDT predicts
The Hoyle state in C-12 is NOT a three-alpha resonance but a single alpha + 4 deuteron geometric closure. The reaction rate should be calculable from the packing geometry alone.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: the Hoyle state is a 3α resonance at 7.654 MeV above C-12 ground state, crucial for stellar nucleosynthesis.
Observable that separates them
Calculate the Hoyle state energy from the geometric packing energy of 4 deuterons around an alpha core. Compare to measured 7.654 MeV.
Apparatus
Computational. Nuclear binding data from NUBASE2020.
E29
Deuteron Binding from Occlusion Geometry
Nuclear Physics
TRIVIAL
Calculable now
SDT predicts
The deuteron binding energy (2.224 MeV) is derivable from the occlusion geometry of one proton and one neutron at the measured separation of 2.14 fm.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: deuteron binding from nuclear potential models (Yukawa, AV18, etc.).
Observable that separates them
Calculate occlusion binding energy from R_p = 0.841 fm, R_n ≈ equivalent, separation = 2.14 fm. Compare to measured 2.224 MeV.
Apparatus
Computational. Use law_III::F_occlusion from laws.hpp.
E30
Alpha Binding from Tetrahedral Occlusion
Nuclear Physics
TRIVIAL
Calculable now
SDT predicts
The alpha particle binding energy (28.296 MeV) should emerge from the tetrahedral packing geometry of 2p+2n.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: alpha binding from shell model or cluster model calculations.
Observable that separates them
Tetrahedral occlusion calculation using nuclear radii and the convergent pressure law.
E31
Neutron Lifetime from Lattice Topology
Nuclear Physics
LOW
Archival analysis
SDT predicts
The beam/bottle neutron lifetime discrepancy (~8 s) arises from different boundary conditions on the spation lattice.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: a dark decay channel or systematic error.
Observable that separates them
Compare both measurements with SDT boundary-condition corrections.
E32
Proton Radius Puzzle — W+1 Prediction
Atomic Physics
TRIVIAL
Validated
SDT predicts
R_p = 4ℏ/(m_p c) = 0.84124 fm, matching the muonic hydrogen measurement.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: electronic hydrogen gives ~0.877 fm, muonic gives ~0.841 fm.
Observable that separates them
Already resolved — use muonic value as canonical.
Apparatus
None — calculation.
E33
Nuclear Charge Radius Scaling → Z × R_p
Nuclear Physics
LOW
Archival analysis
SDT predicts
Nuclear charge radii scale as R = Z × R_p for all elements.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: R = r₀ × A^(1/3), where r₀ ≈ 1.2 fm.
Observable that separates them
Plot R_measured vs Z×R_p and vs r₀×A^(1/3) for all measured nuclei. Determine which fits better.
Apparatus
NIST nuclear charge radius database.
E34
Quadrupole Moment of Li-7 from α+t Geometry
Nuclear Physics
TRIVIAL
Calculable now
SDT predicts
Li-7's large quadrupole moment (-4.01 fm²) arises from the asymmetric alpha+triton arrangement.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: shell model explains it from p₃/₂ shell deformation.
Observable that separates them
Calculate quadrupole moment from the geometric α+t separation.
E35
Fe-56 vs Ni-62: True Binding Energy Peak
Nuclear Physics
TRIVIAL
Calculable now
SDT predicts
Ni-62 has the highest measured B/A (8.795 MeV/n), but Fe-56 is more abundant because its construction grammar is geometrically optimal.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: Fe-56 is more abundant due to stellar nucleosynthesis details.
Observable that separates them
Computational comparison of grammar efficiency.
E36
Oxygen-16 Pure Deuteron Scaffold Verification
Nuclear Physics
TRIVIAL
Archival analysis
SDT predicts
O-16 = α + 6d (pure deuteron scaffold, 0% tritons). This predicts maximum stability per nucleon for its shell.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: O-16 is doubly magic (8p, 8n) in shell model.
Observable that separates them
Compare O-16's binding per nucleon to neighboring isotopes. Verify pure-deuteron isotopes have enhanced stability.
Apparatus
Nuclear binding energy data.
E37
Double EC in Xe-124 from He-3 Core Grammar
Nuclear Physics
TRIVIAL
Calculable now
SDT predicts
Xe-124 undergoes double EC because it has an He-3 core that requires TWO sequential captures to repair.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: double EC is a second-order weak process.
Observable that separates them
Verify grammar of Xe-124 under He-3 core: check n_deu ≥ 4 (need 2 donor+absorber pairs).
E38
EC Rate vs Charge State for Heavy Elements
Nuclear Physics
HIGH
Proposed (GSI/FAIR)
SDT predicts
EC rate drops to zero at full ionisation for ALL elements, not just Be-7.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: EC requires bound electrons; rate varies with electron density at nucleus.
Observable that separates them
Measure EC rates of Cr-51, Mn-54, Fe-55 at various charge states in EBIT or storage ring.
Apparatus
GSI/FAIR storage ring, NIST EBIT.
E39
Proton-Neutron Mass Difference from Topology
Nuclear Physics
TRIVIAL
Calculable now
SDT predicts
m_n - m_p = 1.293 MeV arises from the extra neutron internal energy (one additional trefoil circulation).
Standard physics predicts
Standard: m_n - m_p from quark mass difference (m_d - m_u + EM corrections).
Observable that separates them
Calculate the energy cost of the additional circulation mode.
E40
Nuclear Magnetic Moments from Vortex Geometry
Nuclear Physics
MODERATE
Calculable now
SDT predicts
Nuclear magnetic moments (μ_p = 2.793 μN, μ_n = -1.913 μN) arise from the trefoil vortex geometry.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: magnetic moments from quark constituent models.
Observable that separates them
Calculate μ_p and μ_n from the trefoil and torus current distributions.
E41
CMB Temperature from Spation Lattice Properties
Cosmology
MODERATE
Calculable now
SDT predicts
T_CMB = 2.7255 K is derivable from spation lattice properties, not a free parameter.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: T_CMB is a relic of the hot Big Bang, a free parameter.
Observable that separates them
Derive T_CMB from first principles using zk²=1 and the relay density.
E42
Hubble Constant from Pressure Gradient
Cosmology
LOW
Archival analysis
SDT predicts
H₀ = v/d is a pressure gradient measure, not an expansion rate. SDT predicts H₀(near) > H₀(far).
Standard physics predicts
Standard: H₀ is the expansion rate of the universe, should be constant at all distances.
Observable that separates them
Calculate H₀ from the SDT pressure gradient at different distances.
Apparatus
Existing SN Ia data (Pantheon+ catalog).
E43
SN Ia Mass Step from Occlusion Gradient
Cosmology
LOW
Archival analysis
SDT predicts
The ~0.04 mag mass step in SN Ia standardisation arises from host-galaxy convergence field differences.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: dust, metallicity, or progenitor differences.
Observable that separates them
Correlate mass-step residuals with galaxy density measures.
Apparatus
Pantheon+ catalog, host galaxy data.
E44
CMB Dipole from Observer Motion in Pressure Field
Cosmology
LOW
Archival analysis
SDT predicts
The CMB dipole (370 km/s) reflects our motion through the pressure field, not relative to a "rest frame" of expansion.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: CMB dipole from Earth's peculiar velocity relative to the CMB rest frame.
Observable that separates them
Measure higher-order CMB motion effects (e.g., aberration quadrupole) that distinguish medium-motion from frame-motion.
Apparatus
Planck CMB data.
E45
BAO as Lattice Standing Waves
Cosmology
MODERATE
Archival analysis
SDT predicts
Baryon acoustic oscillations are standing waves in the spation lattice pressure field, not sound waves in primordial plasma.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: BAO from acoustic oscillations in the baryon-photon plasma before recombination.
Observable that separates them
Compare SDT lattice resonance predictions to DESI BAO measurements.
Apparatus
DESI survey data.
E46
Galaxy Rotation Curves from Eclipse Saturation
Cosmology
LOW
Archival analysis
SDT predicts
Flat rotation curves arise from eclipse saturation — beyond a critical radius, all convergence lines are already occluded.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: dark matter halos.
Observable that separates them
Compare SDT rotation curve predictions to measured curves for 50+ galaxies.
Apparatus
SPARC database of rotation curves.
E47
Gravitational Lensing from Convergence Gradient
Cosmology
MODERATE
Archival analysis
SDT predicts
Light bending near massive objects arises from the convergence-field gradient (refractive index of the spation lattice), not spacetime curvature.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: GR predicts light bending from spacetime curvature.
Observable that separates them
Calculate lensing angle from the k-gradient profile of a galaxy cluster. Compare to observed strong lensing.
Apparatus
HST strong lensing data.
E48
Gravitational Wave Speed = c from Lattice Rigidity
Cosmology
TRIVIAL
Validated
SDT predicts
Gravitational waves propagate at c because they are transverse lattice distortions. GW170817 confirmed GW speed = c to 10⁻¹⁵.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: GR predicts GW speed = c from the massless spin-2 graviton.
Observable that separates them
Already confirmed by GW170817/GRB 170817A timing.
Apparatus
LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA data.
E49
Dark Energy as Residual Pressure Gradient
Cosmology
LOW
Archival analysis
SDT predicts
The accelerating expansion is a misinterpretation of the pressure gradient at cosmological distances. SDT predicts a distance-dependent effective H₀ that mimics acceleration.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: dark energy (Λ) drives accelerating expansion.
Observable that separates them
Fit SDT pressure-gradient model to the Pantheon+ SN Ia Hubble diagram. Compare χ² with and without Λ.
Apparatus
Pantheon+ catalog.
E50
Cosmic Neutrino Background Temperature
Cosmology
HIGH
Awaiting detector
SDT predicts
SDT predicts T_ν ≠ 1.95 K because neutrinos decouple at a different point in the lattice pressure history.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: T_ν = (4/11)^(1/3) × T_CMB ≈ 1.95 K from entropy conservation.
Observable that separates them
Measure T_CνB when PTOLEMY or successor detector becomes available.
Apparatus
PTOLEMY tritium detector.
E51
Fine Structure Constant from Lattice Geometry
Electromagnetic
HIGH
Open problem
SDT predicts
α = 1/137.036 is derivable from the ratio of vortex poloidal to toroidal velocities for the W=1 (electron) topology.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: α is a fundamental constant with no known derivation.
Observable that separates them
Calculate α from the W=1 torus mode partition.
E52
Proton-Electron Mass Ratio from Winding Numbers
Electromagnetic
HIGH
Open problem
SDT predicts
m_p/m_e = 1836.15 should emerge from the W=3 vs W=1 vortex energy ratio.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: m_p/m_e from quark masses, which are themselves unexplained.
Observable that separates them
Calculate the energy ratio between W=3 and W=1 lattice vortices.
E53
Anomalous Magnetic Moment (g-2) from Lattice Corrections
Electromagnetic
HIGH
Open problem
SDT predicts
The electron g-2 anomaly (α/2π + ...) arises from lattice perturbation corrections to the vortex circulation.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: QED calculates g-2 from higher-order Feynman diagrams.
Observable that separates them
Calculate first-order lattice correction to the electron magnetic moment.
E54
Lamb Shift from Lattice Fluctuations
Electromagnetic
HIGH
Open problem
SDT predicts
The Lamb shift in hydrogen arises from spation lattice fluctuations ("vacuum fluctuations" in QED are lattice thermal noise).
Standard physics predicts
Standard: Lamb shift from vacuum polarisation and electron self-energy in QED.
Observable that separates them
Calculate the Lamb shift from the spation lattice fluctuation spectrum.
E55
Photoelectric Effect from Pressure-Field Coupling
Electromagnetic
MODERATE
Proposed (laboratory)
SDT predicts
Photon absorption at a metal surface is a pressure-field resonance event, not a particle collision.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: photon as particle ejects electron when E > work function.
Observable that separates them
Measure photoelectric emission timing with sub-attosecond precision. SDT predicts instant emission (no tunnelling delay).
Apparatus
Attosecond laser laboratory.
E56
Compton Scattering from Lattice Momentum Transfer
Electromagnetic
TRIVIAL
Validated
SDT predicts
Compton scattering is lattice momentum transfer, with the same cross-section as QED but different ontology.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: photon-electron scattering with momentum transfer.
Observable that separates them
Compare SDT cross-section calculation to measured Compton data.
Apparatus
Existing measurements.
E57
Cherenkov Radiation as Lattice Shock Wave
Electromagnetic
TRIVIAL
Validated
SDT predicts
Cherenkov radiation occurs when a particle exceeds the local lattice phase velocity — identical to a sonic boom in air.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: particle exceeds phase velocity of light in medium n > 1.
Observable that separates them
Already validated by all Cherenkov detectors.
E58
Magnetic Monopole Non-Existence from Topology
Electromagnetic
TRIVIAL
Ongoing null result
SDT predicts
Magnetic monopoles do not exist because magnetic fields are vortex wakes, which are always dipolar. A monopole would require a half-vortex, which is topologically impossible.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: Dirac monopoles are allowed; searches have found none.
Observable that separates them
Continue monopole searches. SDT predicts continued null results.
Apparatus
MoEDAL (CERN), IceCube.
E59
Superconductivity from Lattice Phase Locking
Electromagnetic
MODERATE
Proposed (laboratory)
SDT predicts
Superconductivity is lattice phase-locking: below Tc, electron pairs lock into the spation lattice's phase structure, producing zero-resistance flow.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: BCS theory — Cooper pairing via phonon exchange.
Observable that separates them
Measure vortex lattice structure in type-II superconductors at extreme resolution. Compare to SDT lattice predictions.
Apparatus
Scanning tunnelling microscopy on NbSe₂ or YBCO.
E60
Casimir Force Scaling at Sub-nm Gaps
Vacuum
MODERATE
Proposed (laboratory)
SDT predicts
Casimir force at sub-nm gaps should show deviations from the 1/d⁴ power law due to spation lattice granularity.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: Casimir force scales as 1/d⁴ at all separable distances.
Observable that separates them
Measure Casimir force at 0.1-10 nm plate separations with atomic force microscopy.
Apparatus
AFM with calibrated cantilever, gold surfaces.
E61
Blackbody Spectrum from Lattice Mode Counting
Radiation
TRIVIAL
Calculable now
SDT predicts
Planck's blackbody spectrum emerges from counting spation lattice modes, not quantised oscillators.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: Planck's quantisation hypothesis → blackbody spectrum.
Observable that separates them
Verify the derivation reproduces Planck's law exactly.
E62
Stefan-Boltzmann Law from Convergence Throughput
Radiation
TRIVIAL
Calculable now
SDT predicts
The Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ = 2π⁵k_B⁴/(15h³c²) is derivable from lattice throughput geometry.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: σ follows from Planck's law integration.
Observable that separates them
Verify derivation.
E63
Wien's Displacement from Lattice Peak Mode
Radiation
TRIVIAL
Calculable now
SDT predicts
Wien's law λ_max T = 2.898 × 10⁻³ m·K from the peak mode of the lattice spectrum.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: from Planck distribution maximisation.
Observable that separates them
Computational verification.
E64
Solar Luminosity from Convergence Recycling
Stellar Physics
MODERATE
Calculable now
SDT predicts
The Sun's luminosity (3.828 × 10²⁶ W) is convergence recycling: the Sun processes convergent pressure into radiation.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: nuclear fusion powers the Sun.
Observable that separates them
Calculate solar luminosity from the convergence budget at R_Sun.
E65
Stellar Main Sequence from k-Gradient Equilibrium
Stellar Physics
LOW
Archival analysis
SDT predicts
The HR diagram main sequence is a k-gradient equilibrium sequence. Each spectral type corresponds to a specific k-value.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: main sequence from mass-luminosity relation and nuclear burning.
Observable that separates them
Map measured stellar k-values (from orbital velocities) to HR diagram positions.
Apparatus
GAIA stellar survey data.
E66
White Dwarf Chandrasekhar Limit from Occlusion Saturation
Stellar Physics
MODERATE
Calculable now
SDT predicts
The Chandrasekhar limit (1.44 M_Sun) arises from occlusion saturation — beyond this mass, the occlusion fraction exceeds the lattice's carrying capacity.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: electron degeneracy pressure can no longer support the star.
Observable that separates them
Calculate the occlusion-saturation mass limit. Compare to 1.44 M_Sun.
E67
Neutron Star Maximum Mass from Lattice Compression Limit
Stellar Physics
HIGH
Calculable now
SDT predicts
The TOV limit (~2.2 M_Sun) emerges from the spation lattice compression limit — beyond this, the lattice cannot support further matter.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: TOV limit from GR + nuclear equation of state.
Observable that separates them
Calculate the lattice compression limit and corresponding maximum mass.
E68
Black Hole Singularity Replacement: Maximum Compression State
Stellar Physics
HIGH
Archival analysis
SDT predicts
There is no singularity. The 'black hole' interior is a maximum-compression lattice state where matter exists at the planck density.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: singularity at r = 0 inside event horizon.
Observable that separates them
Observe gravitational wave ringdown for deviations from GR's Kerr metric.
Apparatus
LIGO/Virgo ringdown analysis.
E69
Hawking Temperature from Lattice Surface Modes
Stellar Physics
IMPOSSIBLE
Unmeasurable
SDT predicts
Black hole temperature (Hawking radiation) arises from lattice surface modes at the c-boundary, not quantum tunnelling.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: Hawking radiation from quantum tunnelling through the event horizon.
Observable that separates them
Same prediction — different mechanism, same result.
Apparatus
Currently undetectable.
E70
Gravitational Redshift from k-Gradient
Gravity
TRIVIAL
Validated
SDT predicts
Gravitational redshift z = GM/(rc²) is a k-gradient effect: photons climbing out of a convergence well lose energy to the lattice.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: GR gravitational time dilation.
Observable that separates them
Already measured (Pound-Rebka, GPS). Same prediction.
E71
Gravitational Casimir Effect: Mass-Dependent Plate Force
Vacuum
MODERATE
Proposed (laboratory)
SDT predicts
Casimir plates made of different materials should show slightly different force due to their different nuclear occlusion fractions.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: Casimir force depends only on plate geometry and dielectric properties.
Observable that separates them
Measure Casimir force between tungsten plates vs aluminium plates at identical gaps.
Apparatus
AFM Casimir apparatus with interchangeable plates.
E72
Speed of Light Variation in Dense Media from Lattice Compression
Electromagnetic
HIGH
Proposed (FAIR/RHIC)
SDT predicts
The refractive index of dense media arises from lattice compression by nuclear occlusion.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: refractive index from electromagnetic polarisation of the medium.
Observable that separates them
Measure c in extremely dense nuclear matter (neutron-rich nuclei). SDT predicts n from density.
Apparatus
Heavy-ion collision experiments.
E73
Local Speed of Light Measurement Near Dense Object
Electromagnetic
LOW
Archival analysis
SDT predicts
The local speed of light near a very dense object (neutron star, white dwarf) should be measurably different from c.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: c is constant; what changes is the coordinate speed (time dilation).
Observable that separates them
Measure timing of pulsar emission through different density environments.
Apparatus
Pulsar timing data.
E74
Unruh Effect as Lattice Asymmetry
Radiation
IMPOSSIBLE
Unmeasurable
SDT predicts
The Unruh effect (accelerating observer sees thermal radiation) is lattice asymmetry: acceleration creates a differential relay rate.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: Unruh effect from Rindler horizon and Bogoliubov transformation.
Observable that separates them
Currently unmeasurable — requires a ~ 10²⁰ m/s².
E75
Precision Equivalence Principle Test at Sub-μg Level
Gravity
HIGH
Ongoing
SDT predicts
SDT predicts exact equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass because both measure V_disp.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: equivalence principle is a postulate of GR, tested to 10⁻¹⁵.
Observable that separates them
Continue MICROSCOPE-type experiments to higher precision.
Apparatus
MICROSCOPE satellite follow-on.
E76
Torsion Balance Gravitational Constant Measurement
Gravity
MODERATE
Proposed (laboratory)
SDT predicts
G is not fundamental — it is derived from G = c²R/(k²r) evaluated at laboratory scale. Different lab environments may give slightly different G.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: G is a universal fundamental constant (6.674 × 10⁻¹¹).
Observable that separates them
Measure G in underground laboratories vs mountaintop vs satellite. Look for systematic environment dependence.
Apparatus
Multiple torsion balance facilities.
E77
Sagnac Effect as Lattice Phase Rotation
Electromagnetic
TRIVIAL
Validated
SDT predicts
The Sagnac effect is lattice phase rotation: rotating platforms produce differential relay path lengths.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: Sagnac effect from rotating reference frame (consistent with SR).
Observable that separates them
Already measured in ring laser gyroscopes. Same prediction.
E78
Gravitational Time Dilation from Lattice Compression
Gravity
TRIVIAL
Validated
SDT predicts
Clocks run slower in gravitational fields because the lattice is compressed: relay cycles are shorter → fewer ticks per external second.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: GR gravitational time dilation from spacetime curvature.
Observable that separates them
Already measured (Hafele-Keating, GPS, Pound-Rebka). Same prediction.
E79
Pair Production Threshold from Lattice Energy Budget
Electromagnetic
TRIVIAL
Validated
SDT predicts
Pair production at 2 × 511 keV = 1.022 MeV is lattice conversion: sufficient relay energy converts to two counter-rotating vortices.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: pair production from energy-mass equivalence in EM field of a nucleus.
Observable that separates them
Already measured. Same prediction.
E80
Positron Annihilation as Vortex Collision
Electromagnetic
TRIVIAL
Validated
SDT predicts
Annihilation produces 2 × 511 keV photons because counter-rotating vortices cancel, releasing circulation energy to the lattice.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: matter-antimatter annihilation.
Observable that separates them
Already measured.
E81
Electron Diffraction from Lattice Scattering
Electromagnetic
TRIVIAL
Validated
SDT predicts
Electron diffraction is lattice scattering: the electron vortex interacts with crystal lattice structure via pressure field coupling.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: wave-particle duality — electron has de Broglie wavelength.
Observable that separates them
Already measured. Same pattern.
E82
Time of Flight Neutrino Mass Test
Nuclear Physics
HIGH
Awaiting nearby SN
SDT predicts
Neutrinos travel at c (they are lattice distortions, not massive particles). Any measured speed deficit is lattice dispersion, not rest mass.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: neutrinos have small mass (< 0.8 eV) and travel slightly below c.
Observable that separates them
Measure neutrino speed from next galactic supernova with sub-ns timing.
Apparatus
IceCube + SN optical detection.
E83
Spation Lattice Resonance in Quantum Oscillator
Vacuum
MODERATE
Proposed (laboratory)
SDT predicts
A mechanical oscillator at millikelvin temperatures should show quantised noise from the spation lattice thermal spectrum.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: quantum ground state motion dominated by zero-point energy.
Observable that separates them
Measure mechanical oscillator noise spectrum at 10 mK.
Apparatus
LIGO-style optomechanical oscillator.
E84
Aharonov-Bohm as Lattice Phase Shift
Electromagnetic
TRIVIAL
Validated
SDT predicts
The AB effect is a lattice phase shift caused by a vector potential modifying lattice relay phases.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: AB effect from EM vector potential coupling to electron wavefunction.
Observable that separates them
Already measured. Same prediction.
E85
Josephson Junction Frequency from Lattice Phase Coupling
Electromagnetic
TRIVIAL
Validated
SDT predicts
The Josephson frequency f = 2eV/h arises from lattice phase coupling across the superconducting gap.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: Josephson effect from macroscopic quantum coherence.
Observable that separates them
Already measured. Defines the volt.
E86
Quantum Hall Effect from Lattice Topology
Electromagnetic
TRIVIAL
Validated
SDT predicts
Quantised Hall conductance (e²/h per Landau level) emerges from topological constraints in the 2D lattice.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: Landau quantisation + topological invariant.
Observable that separates them
Already measured. Defines resistance.
E87
Vacuum Birefringence from Lattice Anisotropy
Electromagnetic
HIGH
Proposed (satellite)
SDT predicts
Strong magnetic fields produce vacuum birefringence because the field creates anisotropy in the lattice relay rates.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: QED vacuum birefringence from virtual pair loops.
Observable that separates them
Measure polarisation of X-rays from magnetar SGR 1806-20.
Apparatus
X-ray polarimeter (IXPE satellite).
E88
Schwinger Pair Production from Lattice Breakdown
Electromagnetic
HIGH
Proposed (ELI-NP)
SDT predicts
Schwinger pair production (E > 1.3 × 10¹⁸ V/m) is lattice dielectric breakdown — the field exceeds the lattice's relay capacity.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: pair creation from strong-field QED.
Observable that separates them
Measure pair production threshold at extreme field intensities (ELI facility).
Apparatus
ELI-NP (Romania) petawatt lasers.
E89
Bremsstrahlung from Lattice Deceleration Radiation
Electromagnetic
TRIVIAL
Validated
SDT predicts
Bremsstrahlung is lattice deceleration radiation: when a vortex decelerates, it releases circulation energy to the lattice as EM radiation.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: classical EM radiation from accelerated charges.
Observable that separates them
Already measured extensively.
E90
Cosmic Ray Ultra-High Energy Cutoff (GZK) from Lattice Limit
Cosmology
TRIVIAL
Validated
SDT predicts
The GZK cutoff (~5 × 10¹⁹ eV) is the lattice energy density limit — above this, the vortex exceeds the lattice relay capacity.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: GZK cutoff from pion photoproduction on CMB.
Observable that separates them
Already measured by Auger Observatory.
Apparatus
Pierre Auger Observatory data.
E91
Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment (g-2) from Lattice Corrections
Electromagnetic
HIGH
Calculable now
SDT predicts
The muon g-2 anomaly (~4.2σ from theory) arises from lattice corrections that differ at the muon mass scale.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: hadronic vacuum polarisation uncertainty.
Observable that separates them
Compare SDT lattice g-2 prediction to Fermilab measurement.
Apparatus
Fermilab g-2 data.
E92
Convergence-Assisted Propulsion: Solar Sail Enhancement
Engineering
HIGH
Proposed (space mission)
SDT predicts
A sail designed to reflect convergent pressure (not just photon pressure) should experience enhanced thrust.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: solar sail thrust = radiation pressure only.
Observable that separates them
Deploy a solar sail with convergence-optimised surface (dense, reflective) and compare thrust to photon-pressure predictions.
Apparatus
Solar sail spacecraft (JAXA/NASA heritage).
E93
Lattice Waveguide: Vacuum Waveguide Effect
Electromagnetic
MODERATE
Proposed (laboratory)
SDT predicts
A hollow tube in vacuum should guide electromagnetic waves differently from free-space propagation due to lattice boundary effects.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: waveguide theory from boundary conditions on EM fields.
Observable that separates them
Measure waveguide cutoff frequencies at extreme precision in vacuum.
Apparatus
Microwave/mm-wave waveguide in vacuum.
E94
Convergence Lens: Focusing Convergent Pressure with Dense Matter
Gravity
HIGH
Proposed (laboratory)
SDT predicts
A very dense sphere should focus convergent pressure, creating a measurable gravity enhancement on its far side.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: no such effect — gravity is not focusable.
Observable that separates them
Measure gravitational acceleration on the far side of a dense sphere (Pb or W, 1 m radius) with sub-μg accelerometer.
Apparatus
1 m radius lead sphere, MEMS accelerometer.
E95
Lattice Communication: Information Transfer Through Vacuum
Engineering
EXTREME
Proposed (laboratory)
SDT predicts
Coherent information can be transferred through vacuum at frequencies above the EM spectrum via lattice mode coupling.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: impossible — no medium for transmission above EM.
Observable that separates them
Attempt to modulate and detect non-EM lattice modes using Casimir-coupled piezoelectric transducers.
Apparatus
Casimir transducer pairs in UHV.
E96
Artificial Gravity from Convergence Focusing
Engineering
EXTREME
Computational feasibility
SDT predicts
Convergence focusing can create localised gravitational fields without rotation.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: no way to create artificial gravity except rotation or acceleration.
Observable that separates them
Computational feasibility study first. Required mass would likely be planetary-scale.
E97
Earth Core Seismic Speed from Lattice Compression
Gravity
LOW
PARTIAL — g(r) 1.82% RMS; seismic-velocity target FAILED its gate (v_p 11.5%, v_s 28.0% RMS)
SDT predicts
The entire interior profile — g(r), P(r), v_p(r), v_s(r) — follows from ϟ and the measured density profile. NO material bulk modulus is used as a gravitational input. K₀ values are measured mineral properties (diamond anvil cell), not fitted parameters.
Standard physics predicts
Standard seismology derives wave speeds from material properties: v_p = √((K + 4G/3)/ρ), with K and G from high-pressure experiments. Gravity profile uses G × M_enc(r)/r². Both approaches require the gravitational constant G and total mass M as inputs.
Observable that separates them
Compare SDT-derived profiles to PREM (Dziewonski & Anderson 1981) at 25 depth points from surface to centre.
Apparatus
- PREM density polynomial coefficients (archival) - Diamond anvil cell mineral moduli K₀, G₀ (archival) - SDT Engine: laws.hpp bridge::koppa(), bridge::g_surface()
E98
Precision Cavendish with Variable Chamber Pressure
Gravity
MODERATE
Proposed (laboratory)
SDT predicts
The Cavendish experiment should show a measurable difference at different chamber gas pressures because the gas contributes to local convergence.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: G is independent of chamber atmosphere.
Observable that separates them
Measure G in vacuum vs 1 atm vs 100 atm.
Apparatus
High-pressure torsion balance chamber.
E99
Ocean Tidal Analysis: SDT Pressure vs Newton Potential
Gravity
LOW
Archival analysis
SDT predicts
Tidal forces arise from convergence gradient differentials, not gravitational potential gradients. SDT predicts subtle higher-order tidal harmonics.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: tidal forces from gravitational potential gradient.
Observable that separates them
Analyse high-precision ocean tide gauge data for SDT-predicted higher harmonics.
Apparatus
Global tide gauge network (UHSLC).
E100
Lattice Dispersion Relation: Frequency-Dependent c
Electromagnetic
LOW
Archival analysis
SDT predicts
At extremely high frequencies (approaching Planck frequency), c should show dispersion due to lattice granularity.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: c is frequency-independent in vacuum (Lorentz invariance).
Observable that separates them
Measure arrival time differences of high- vs low-energy photons from GRBs.
E101
Complete Convergence Budget of the Solar System
Cosmology
MODERATE
Calculable now
SDT predicts
The total convergence budget of the solar system (Sun + planets) should balance against the CMB influx, with stars as recyclers.
Standard physics predicts
Standard: no such conservation law exists.
Observable that separates them
Calculate the total solar convergence budget from the k-hierarchy and compare to L_Sun.
E102
Orbital Emitter Depth-Gradient Test (the Sundiver Spectrometer)
Convergence Depth
FEASIBLE NOW (existing trajectories + a calibrated emitter)
Proposed — falsifiable, with a daily-confirmed calibration anchor
Apparatus
1. A calibrated atomic-line emitter (the key element — James's point): a frequency-stabilised reference source (astro-comb / cavity-locked laser or a trapped-ion clock line) flown on the descending probe. It defines the "same emitted pulse everywhere" boundary condition the theory assumes. 2. A reference spectrometer…
Scope
Convergence Depth / Variable Spation Closure
E103
Lead Sphere Displacement Field: Directional Gas Tube Array & Vacuum Persistence Test
Unclassified
E104
Space-Balloon-Gondola Casimir/Cavendish Hybrid
Gravity
HIGH (stratospheric balloon payload; existing components)
Proposed — falsifiable, single-platform correlation test
SDT predicts
Let the overhead atmospheric column (and Earth-limb geometry) set a small, altitude-dependent occlusion fraction δ(h) of the downward convergent budget. SDT (GOM13) predicts a fractional change in the apparent Cavendish coupling: and — because the same P_eff sets the Casimir pressure — a correlated fractional change…
Observable that separates them
The single discriminating number is the cross-channel correlation of the two residuals (after removing the known g(h) and d⁴, T dependences): | Quantity | SM | SDT | |---|---|---| | ΔF_Cas/F_Cas vs altitude/pointing | 0 (within noise) | tracks ΔG_app/G | | ρ(F_Cas residual, G_app residual) | 0 | +1 (same P_eff) | |…
Scope
Gravity / Occlusion · Vacuum / Medium (unified occlusion test)
E105
Sungrazer Occlusion-Saturation Terminal Kick
Orbital Mechanics
LOW (archival tracking) → MODERATE (dedicated tracker)
Proposed — falsifiable on existing SOHO/Parker data
Observable that separates them
Track sungrazers through perihelion and fit the radial velocity residual Δv(r) = v_obs(r) − v_Kepler(r): - SDT: Δv(r) follows the universal G(x) curve — same shape for every comet, scaling only with R☉ — peaking as a +6.8% terminal excess concentrated inside 1.5 R☉. - SM: Δv(r) is zero in the mean; any scatter is…
Apparatus
- Archival: SOHO/LASCO C2/C3 astrometry of Kreutz-group sungrazers (thousands catalogued); STEREO; SDO for the deepest divers. Re-reduce positions → fit v(r). - In-situ opportunity: Parker Solar Probe perihelion passes (0.046 AU, ~10 R☉) carry exquisite trajectory metrology — a non-outgassing spacecraft is the clean…
Scope
Orbital Mechanics / Gravity (occlusion saturation)
E105
PRE-REGISTRATION (Method A, the strict front)
Unclassified
E106
Oort-Cloud Lumiostasis — Suspension at the Lumiopause
Convergence Depth
LOW (archival kinematics) → HIGH (deep-space confirmation)
Proposed — falsifiable on distant-object orbital statistics
SDT predicts
- A kinematic floor near r_LP: objects in the outer Oort band have characteristic speeds below the Keplerian prediction v_K = √(GM☉/r) — trending toward suspension (low, isotropic residual motion) rather than the 1/√r falloff continued from the planetary region. - A clustering of aphelia / semi-major-axis pile-up near…
Observable that separates them
From the orbital catalogue of distant solar-system bodies (semi-major axis, perihelion, aphelion, velocity vectors): | Signature | SM | SDT | |---|---|---| | v(r) near 20,000 AU | continues v_K ∝ 1/√r | falls below v_K, → suspension | | feature at r_LP ≈ 20,857 AU | none (smooth tidal rollover) | depth-equilibrium…
Apparatus
- Archival now: JPL Horizons / Minor Planet Center orbits of extreme TNOs and long-period comets; statistical test for a velocity floor and aphelion pile-up at ~r_LP. (Small-N and observational bias toward perihelion passages are the main caveats — handle with a forward-modelled selection function.) - Near future:…
Scope
Convergence Depth / Orbital Mechanics
E107
Reflected-Light Gravitational-Redshift Fork
Convergence Depth
MODERATE (existing high-resolution spectroscopy)
Proposed — falsifiable, ontology-discriminating
Observable that separates them
| Channel | SDT | GR | Verdict value | |---|---|---|---| | Reflected sunlight (Jupiter, Venus) | flat | flat | confirms reflector silence (degenerate) | | Jupiter H₃⁺ self-emission 3.4–4 µm | +6.6 m/s | +3.7 m/s | the fork — ~1.8× split | | Depth scaling Venus vs Jupiter | own-well, not Sun's-well | own-well |…
Apparatus
- Self-emission: high-resolution L-band (3–4 µm) spectroscopy of Jovian H₃⁺ aurorae — VLT/CRIRES+, Keck/NIRSPEC, or JWST/NIRSpec — with an absolute wavelength solution good to ≈ 1 m/s (telluric/comb calibration). Compare the measured emission redshift against both predictions. - Reflected (control): existing…
Scope
Convergence Depth / Variable Closure
E108
Galactic-Floor Redshift — the Universal c-Deficit
Cosmology
HIGH (frontier metrology) — but a clean SDT-only signal
Proposed — discriminating, no GR/ΛCDM counterpart
SDT predicts
- A universal additive redshift floor z_gal ≈ 3.51×10⁻⁷ (≈ 105 m/s) on all spectra of sources that share the Sun's Galactic depth — isotropic, the same in every sky direction, independent of the source's local environment. - Depth-gradient across the Galaxy: sources at different Galactocentric radii R sit at different…
Observable that separates them
The signal is not a single line shift (degenerate with a velocity zero-point) but the pattern: | Signature | SM | SDT | |---|---|---| | common additive offset on all spectra | absorbable zero-point | absolute +105 m/s floor | | variation with Galactocentric depth M(<R)/R | none (gauge) | monotonic gradient | |…
Apparatus
- Stellar gravitational-redshift surveys: precision absolute redshifts of large stellar samples (Gaia RVS, APOGEE, Gaia-ESO) where the own-well term is modelled from each star's M, R; the residual is tested for a common floor and a Galactocentric-depth trend. Solar/asteroid-reflection ground-truth fixes the local…
Scope
Cosmology / Convergence Depth
E109
The Solar Spectral Prism
Unclassified